Oxygen Homeostasis and Dysregulation: Alveolar Failure, Etiology, Pathophysiology, AI & ML Models, 3D Fingerprinting, Epidermology, Computational Frameworks in Hypoxemia, Hypoxia, and Oxygen Toxicity

Abstract

Maintaining oxygen homeostasis is crucial to the proper functioning of the body, which depends on the integrated control of pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, oxygen transport via circulation, and cellular-level metabolism. Any disturbance in this regard results in hypoxemia, hypoxia, alveolar dysfunction, and oxygen toxicity, among others, which lead to the development of several conditions. This review provides an overview of the physiological fundamentals of oxygen homeostasis, the causes and pathophysiology of oxygen imbalance, and its main clinical presentations like acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, chronic hypoxia, and oxygen toxicity. The latest breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), computational physiology, digital twins, and three-dimensional (3D) physiological fingerprints for oxygen diseases are also discussed in this review. The emerging computational models show significant promise in helping detect respiratory degradation at an early stage, improving oxygen therapy, and enabling accurate clinical decision-making. Model validation, data standardization, explainability, and clinical translation have been key challenges discussed in the review. In general, combining physiological insight and intelligent computational techniques is a promising approach toward precision respiratory medicine.